Fig. 1: BBR decreased TMAO level in choline diet-fed C57BL/6J mice.
Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were fed chow, chow with 100 mg/kg BBR (BBR-L) or 200 mg/kg BBR (BBR-H), chow with choline (1%), or chow with choline (1%) plus 100 mg/kg BBR (C + BBR-L) or 200 mg/kg BBR (C + BBR-H) in the absence or presence of Abs (+A) for 6 weeks. a, b Serum TMA and TMAO levels were determined by HPLC/MS. Values are presented as means ± SEM (n = 10). a p < 0.05; b p < 0.01; c p < 0.001 (versus chow-diet group); g p < 0.001 (versus choline-diet group); y p < 0.01; z p < 0.001 (versus relevant group without Abs). c Microbiota alpha diversity was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the cecal content samples (n = 10 for each group) using Shannon index (based on OTU level). Error bars were median with interquartile ranges, and p values were from Kruskal–Wallis H test. f, p < 0.01 (versus choline-diet group). d Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of bray curtis distance was analyzed based on OTU level for microbiota beta diversity (n = 10 for each group, ANOSIM R = 0.6383, p = 0.001). e Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) identified the taxa most differentially abundant between the choline and C + BBR-H group at the genus level. Only taxa meeting an LDA significant threshold value of ≥3.3 are shown. f Redundancy analysis (RDA) visualized the correlation between key phylotypes of gut microbiota within choline and C + BBR-H group (at the genus level, gray arrows) and TMA and TMAO level (red arrows; correlation coefficient r2 = 0.3297, p = 0.042 and r2 = 0.3838, p = 0.013 respectively).
