Fig. 1: The salivary and gut mucosal microbiomes of colorectal cancer patients.

Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA), conducted on phylogenetic-assisted isometric log-ratio (PhILR) transformed data, of (a) 66 salivary microbiomes, and (b) 129 gut mucosal microbiomes, with different CRC groups and sample types denoted by different colours (see Keys; biopsies and polyps collected from controls, nontumours and tumours collected from cases). c Boxplot showing the distribution of pairwise beta-diversity, calculated on PhILR transformed values, observed in each gut microbiome category. Bold central lines denote the median, the upper whisker extends from the 75th percentile to the highest value within the 1.5*interquartile range (IQR) of the hinge, the lower whisker extends from the 25th percentile to the lowest value within 1.5*IQR of the hinge. Data points beyond the end of the whiskers are outliers. Asterisk markings represent statistically significant differences between groups, as calculated by posthoc Tukey test (p-values ranging from >0.01 to ≤0.05 (*); from >1e−5 to ≤0.01 (**); ≤1e−5 (***)). d Heatmap displaying the proportional abundances of 24 most abundant genera (prevalence ≥15%, mean relative abundance ≥1%, and accounting for ~85% of the gut mucosal microbiome composition), with headers showing the samples’ community state type (CST): CST1 (light gray), CST2 (dark gray), and the corresponding sample type: biopsy (light blue), polyp (dark blue), nontumour (pink), tumour (dark red). Genera were coloured according to their classifications at Phylum level (see Keys). Genera in black box represent ones with probable origin from the oral cavity. The contributions of 24 genera listed here were summarized in Supplementary Table 3. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.