Fig. 9: Diagram of the mechanism by which gut microbiome dysregulation drives bone damage in tibial dyschondroplasia by disrupting glucose homoeostasis mediated by the gut–pancreas axis.

Impaired gut barrier (reduced expression of Claudin 1 and Occludin) and disordered gut microbiome in broilers leads to reduced abundance of Blautia, reduced BA binding to GPR109A receptors in the pancreas, which impairs pancreatic function (decreased LIPA and AMYL levels and increased INS levels) and elevated GLU levels. Elevated GLU levels inhibit the expression of the PI3K/AKT/VEGFA signalling pathway in TGP, thereby exacerbating TD lesions.