Fig. 5: The mRNA expression of biomarkers related to circadian clock and inflammation in IEC-6 cells exposed to various treatments. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 5: The mRNA expression of biomarkers related to circadian clock and inflammation in IEC-6 cells exposed to various treatments.

From: Ginseng extracts improve circadian clock gene expression and reduce inflammation directly and indirectly through gut microbiota and PI3K signaling pathway

Fig. 5

a Schematic overview of the experimental design. b Clock gene expression, such as basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1 (Bmal1), period circadian regulator 1 and 2 (Per1 and 2), cryptochrome circadian regulator 1 (Cry1), D-box binding PAR bZIP transcription factor (Dbp), and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (Rev-Erbα). c Transient receptor potential channel of vanilloid types 3 and 4 (Trpv3, Trpv4), type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio1), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 F (HTR1F). d Free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3), G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nod-like receptors2 (Nod2), peptidoglycan recognition proteins 1 and 2 (Pglyrp1 and Pglyrp2). e Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit alpha (IKKα), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). f Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6, 10, and 15 (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-15), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase-3). The data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 6 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The cells were treated in a 12-well plate. Con, control group given normal media; PTU, the group given normal media and 0.6 mg/ml PTU; GS, the group given media and 6 mg/ml ginseng; LT, the group treated with normal media containing 0.1 mg/ml L-thyroxine.

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