Fig. 9: The paradigm illustrates the beneficial efficacy of ginseng extracts in modulating circadian rhythm and inflammation. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 9: The paradigm illustrates the beneficial efficacy of ginseng extracts in modulating circadian rhythm and inflammation.

From: Ginseng extracts improve circadian clock gene expression and reduce inflammation directly and indirectly through gut microbiota and PI3K signaling pathway

Fig. 9

The propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rats exhibited hypothermia, disrupted body temperature (Tb) rhythm and hyperinflammation. Administration of ginseng (GS) to these rats reversed these phenotypes to the control levels, which was associated with activation of genes involved in thermal sensation, up-regulation of genes associated with the peripheral circadian clock such as Bmal1, and down-regulation of genes linked to inflammation, such as NF-κB, TNF-α, and TLR4, in the small intestine, liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Furthermore, ginseng treatment modulated the gut microbiota, increased metabolite-related receptors (such as FFAR3 and FXR) and reduced LPS-related receptors or sensors (such as TLR4 and Pglyrp1), leading to up-regulation of cAMP-PKA signaling pathway and down-regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and consequently reductions in systemic and local inflammation. Both the in vitro and vivo studies demonstrate that ginseng extracts could increase gene expression of circadian clock and reduce gene expression of inflammatory cytokines directly and indirectly through gut microbiota modulation and mediated by PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. The graphics was created with BioRender.com.

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