Fig. 2: Effect of the gut microbiome by AP etiology and severity.

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity between microbial community composition of AP patients, samples are grouped by their etiology (a) and severity (b). The result is shown in the first two principal coordinates (PC1 and PC2), and the ratios of variance contributed by these two PCs are shown. Colored points represent the samples, and circles cover samples near the center of gravity for each group. c Comparison of gut microbial diversity and effect size between etiology and severity groups versus healthy controls. Left 3 panels: bar plots showing the fold changes of microbial diversity between patient groups vs. healthy controls. Statistical test is performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Right panel: bar plots showing the effect sizes on gut microbial composition for patient groups vs. healthy controls. Statistical test is performed based on PERMANOVA analysis: *, adonis p < 0.05; **, adonis p < 0.01; ***, adonis p < 0.001. d Heatmap showing the fold changes between etiology and severity groups versus healthy controls for each AP-associated species. Wilcoxon rank-sum test: *q < 0.05; **q < 0.01; ***q < 0.001. e Boxplot showing the total relative abundances of AP-enriched and AP-depleted species in patients with different severity. Boxes represent the interquartile range between the first and third quartiles and the median (internal line). Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the range of the first and third quartiles, respectively; dots represent outlier samples beyond the whiskers. Wilcoxon rank-sum test: *p < 0.05.