Fig. 7: Intestinal histopathology, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier protein expression in mice after receiving AP-enriched and AP-depleted species.

a Histopathology of different intestinal segments (ileum, cecum, colon) in pathobionts-gavaged mice showed that there were more inflammatory cells infiltrating the lamina propria and submucosa (as shown by the arrow), especially in the cecum, as compared with the other two groups. b–d Histopathological scores of different intestinal segments in each group. e The levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β in the intestine among the three groups. f The expression of intestinal barrier proteins occludin and cadherin in the intestinal tissue. For (b–f), data are shown as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA analysis: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.