Fig. 8: Effects of FMT from EPG and PPG calves on growth performance and colonic development of mice.

a Experimental design diagram. b Body condition images (left) and growth performance data (right) of mice after FMT from each calf group. c Representative images (left) and length data (right) of the colon in each group. d Representative H&E staining (×50 magnification) of representative colonic sections from each group. Scale bar was 250 μm. e The microbial composition of fecal samples in each group of mice at the genus level. f The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in each group. The significance was assessed using Kruskal–Wallis test. The error pounds in the bar charts were represented by mean ± SEM. g Linear regression relationship between Bifidobacterium abundance and growth performance of mice. b, c The significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA. Different superscripts of English letters represented the significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). The error pounds in the charts were represented by mean ± SD. b, f Only the significant differences were marked (*p < 0.05, **0.01< p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001).