Fig. 4: Severe COVID-19 is associated with tryptophan and bile acid metabolites. | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Fig. 4: Severe COVID-19 is associated with tryptophan and bile acid metabolites.

From: Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with altered tryptophan metabolism and dysregulated inflammatory response in COVID-19

Fig. 4

Tryptophan and bile acid metabolite concentrations (given in ng/mL and µM, respectively) from all plasma and urine samples, annotated with adjusted pairwise Spearman test significance and post hoc identified confounders from early or late slices of the data. Box plots display the median (center line), interquartile range (box bounds), and 1.5 times the interquartile range (whiskers). Some co-associated clinical variables were rationally grouped and relabeled here for annotation purposes, i.e., hospitalization and infection reflects confounding by one or more of the following: HAP, number of days hospitalized, bacteremia and/or sepsis. The kynurenine and serotonin pathways are host-associated, while indole and part of the bile acid metabolism are carried out by gut microbes. See also Supplementary Figure 3. CCI Charlson comorbidity index, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia.

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