Fig. 2: Different functional profiles are present in cheese and environmental swabs.

A Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) plot based on Jaccard’s distance of functional profiles obtained by HUMAnN. Samples are colored according to the sample type. B Boxplots showing the abundance (log values) of UniRef50 genes detected in the different sample groups. Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between the first and third quartiles, and the line inside represents the median (2nd quartile). Whiskers denote the lowest and the highest values within 1.5 × IQR from the first and third quartiles, respectively. The significance was tested by applying pairwise Wilcoxon test. The category “cheese-related materials” groups together milk, brine and whey culture. Average values are obtained from n = 308, 199, 37, 524, and 182 biologically independent samples from food contact, non food contact, operators’ swabs, final products and cheese-related materials, respectively.