Fig. 5: Evolutionary rates of bee, gut bacteria and phages.
From: Host specificity and cophylogeny in the “animal-gut bacteria-phage” tripartite system
For bee, comparison between ‘Genus’ refers to comparison between the ancestor of Apis and the ancestor of B. terrestris; comparison between ‘Species’ refers to comparison between the ancestor of A. cerana and the ancestor of A. mellifera. The three dots for the ‘Isolate’ stages represent comparison between A. cerana samples, between A. mellifera samples, and between B. terrestris samples, respectively. The three stages for the gut bacteria and phages in this figure also refer to the bee’s stages instead of their own. For the three phage VCs, the genetic differences at the ‘Genus’ and ‘Species’ stage are too huge to be precisely anticipated and plotted. The values of synonymous substitution rate (Ks), nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka), and Ka/Ks in this figure are not for individual genes but the average for all conserved orthologous genes. Gene content difference refers to the number of unshared genes divided to the number of total orthologous genes involved in the comparison.
