Fig. 1: Taxonomic profiles of the human gut microbiome.

a Bar plot showing the number of diseased and control individuals for each study. b–d Taxonomic compositions of the gut microbiota at the phylum (b), genus (c), and species (d) levels. The bars indicate the average relative abundances of each taxonomy and are colored by their taxonomic assignments. BC breast cancer, CRC colorectal cancer, yCRC young-onset colorectal cancer, oCRC old-onset colorectal cancer, ACVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, AF atrial fibrillation, BL bone mass loss, CA carotid atherosclerosis, HTN hypertension, pHTN prehypertension, MUO metabolically unhealthy obese, OB obesity, T2D type 2 diabetes, pT2D prediabetes, tnT2D treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, CD Crohn’s disease, UC ulcerative colitis, IBS irritable bowel syndrome, PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome, AS ankylosing spondylitis, BD Behcet’s disease, GD Graves’ disease, MG myasthenia gravis, RA rheumatoid arthritis, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, VKH Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, PT pulmonary tuberculosis, LC liver cirrhosis, ASD autism spectrum disorder, SCZ schizophrenia, PD Parkinson’s disease, ESRD end-stage renal disease. Disease groups of four studies were subdivided by subtypes (i.e., yCRC and oCRC for study YangY_2021, CD and UC for study WengY_2019) or severity (i.e., pHTN and HTN for LiJ_2017, pT2D and tnT2D for ZhongH_2019).