Fig. 2: Metabolic interactions as a driver of mucosal biofilm structures.

a Top schematics show the metabolic relationships between two bacterial species (green and brown). A, B, C, and D denote different nutrients; A and B are nutrients sourced from the bulk fluid, while C and D are generated during bacterial metabolism. The morphology of biofilms for each category of metabolic relationship after maturation (t = 120 h) is shown for different initial compositions; the inset shows a magnified view of cell positions. b Graphs showing the biomass growth and the relative abundance of brown bacteria over time. Each line type (solid, dashed, and dotted) represents a repetition, and each line color corresponds to an initial population composition.