Fig. 7: Heatmap of core and keystone species associated with phenotypes.

Core and keystone species are clustered by association Z-score (multivariate linear regression of CLR-transformed relative abundance of taxa, correcting for city, defecation frequency, sequencing batch, and sampling month) using hierarchical clustering. Associations are colored by direction of effect (blue, negative; orange, positive), with associations significant at study-wide FDR <0.05 marked with plus and minus for positive and negative correlations, respectively. Colored associations without a label indicate nominally significant associations (P < 0.05).