Fig. 1: Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) evaluation.

A Schematic sequence of experimental design. Miniaturized PEMF devices as dental implant healing abutment/component was used. Devices were activated to start pulse emission. Non-activated or device after activation phase (30 days) were used as control. Devices were evaluated in terms of surface properties, in vitro biofilm model and protein adsorption, and in vivo models, where the devices were inserted in the oral cavity of volunteers. B chemical composition of the devices before and after the 30 day activation phase evaluated by energy dispersive spectroscopy. C Surface roughness of the devices before and after 30 day activation phase. D Surface wettability by water contact angle. E Salivary protein adsorption on non-activated (control) and activated (pulse) devices. Pool of stimulated human saliva (5 healthy volunteers) was used for protein adsorption (2 h). Total protein quantification was performed using bicinchoninic acid method and absorbances measured. * Indicates statistical difference (p < 0.05) by Bonferroni t-test.