Fig. 8: Regulatory effect of the tryptophan-indole pathway on P. gingivalis pathogenicity in periodontitis mice.

a Micro-CT reconstruction of the periodontitis mice maxillae showing the distance between alveolar bone crest (yellow dotted line) and cemento-enamel junction (white dashed line). b Alveolar bone loss measurement of the periodontitis mice. Positive immunohistochemistry staining area measurement of the inflammatory factors, including IL-1β (c), IL-6 (d) and TNF-α (e) of the mice gingiva. f H&E staining of the mice gingiva. Immunohistochemistry staining of inflammatory factors IL-1β (g), IL-6 (h) and TNF-α (i). ABC alveolar bone crest, CEJ cemento-enamel junction. Scale bar: 200 μm. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.