Fig. 3: Association of altered hindgut microbial species and oxidative stress parameters according to metagenomic sequencing data (n = 9).

a Relative abundance of the fecal microbiome at the species level in the LOS and HOS groups. b Identification of the signature species in the LOS and HOS groups using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (P < 0.05, LDA > 2.5). c Relative abundance of the signature species in the LOS and HOS groups. d Signature microbial species linked to oxidative stress parameters. Correlations between variables were tested by Spearman’s analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.