Table. 1 Phenotypic characteristics of dairy cows and their serum biomarker levels at 7 days postpartum (n = 9)

Items	LOS	HOS	SEM	P-value
Phenotypic characteristics
Parity	2.67	2.78	0.43	0.80
Body condition scores	3.33	3.36	0.11	0.81
Milk yield, kg/d	38.42	39.72	2.71	0.64
Oxidative stress parameters
Total oxidative status, μM	5.27	11.42	0.74	<0.01
Total antioxidant capacity, mM	0.73	0.47	0.05	0.01
Oxidative stress index^a	0.72	2.52	0.11	<0.01
Superoxide dismutase, U/mL	52.48	53.14	0.98	0.76
Glutathione peroxidase, μmol /L	11.79	10.42	0.85	0.46
Malondialdehyde, nmol/mL	1.58	1.66	0.07	0.58
Inflammation parameters
Serum amyloid A, μg/mL	23.38	24.19	0.49	0.46
Haptoglobin, ng/mL	46.38	48.65	1.05	0.32
Interleukin-1β, ng/L	50.84	52.57	1.46	0.59
Interleukin-6, ng/L	367.73	403.18	14.70	0.26
Tumor necrosis factor-α, ng/L	217.27	229.83	7.44	0.44
Metabolic and liver function parameters
Nonesterified fatty acids, μmol/L	39.73	41.63	1.29	0.50
β-hydroxybutyric acid, mmol/L	0.42	0.45	0.02	0.51
Triglyceride, mmol/L	0.21	0.18	0.02	0.41
Glucose, mmol/L	3.26	3.28	0.09	0.92
Insulin, mIU/L	24.59	24.59	2.60	0.67
Insulin growth factor-1, ng/mL	108.71	120.67	3.28	0.07
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L	21.91	28.18	1.92	0.11
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L	131.33	129.64	9.19	0.93
Total bilirubin, μmol/L	2.75	2.07	0.35	0.36
Alkaline phosphatase, g/L	38.81	39.61	2.45	0.88

^aThe oxidative stress index is calculated as the ratio of total oxidative status to total antioxidant capacity.

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