Fig. 5: Fecal microbiome analysis of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila)-treated mice under doxorubicin (DOX) stimulation.

a Boxplots of a-diversity calculated by Chao, Shannon_2, Simpson, and observed reads (n = 4). b PCoA plot based on unweighted Unifrac distance was used to test the variations of microbial communities among groups (n = 4). c Relative abundance of differential genera in the three groups were illustrated (n = 4 per group). d Statistical differences among the control, DOX, and DOX + A. muciniphila groups were identified using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method. Cladogram illustrating the output of the LEfSe algorithm. Significantly distinct taxonomic nodes are colored, and the branch areas are shaded according to the effect size of the taxa (n = 4). e Ternary plots reveal OTUs relative abundance (dot size) at the genus level among the three sample groups. Generalist taxa are represented as circles in the middle of the triangle, sample-specific bacterial taxa are represented as circles in the summit or along the edges of the triangle (n = 4). f Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining of the ileum. Scale bar: 100 μm. g The villi length of the ileum was measured (n = 6). h–j Immunofluorescence staining of ileum tissues from indicated groups with occluding and ZO-1, as well as semi-quantitative analysis of protein fluorescence (n = 3). Data presented as mean ± SD. For statistical analysis, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was used. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.