Fig. 9: The schematic diagram of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) ameliorating doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity.

AKK colonization increased serum tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), which improved DOX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by activating cardiac aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent PPARα/PGC1α signaling pathway, which could attenuate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.