Fig. 5: Emergent properties in aerobic heterotrophic cross-feeding biofilms (Case B1).
From: Diffusion-based mechanism explains spatial organization in cross-feeding biofilms

Distribution of (a) microbial species and b solutes, in the aerobic biofilm. Effect of the yield on oxygen a (c) and the dissolved oxygen concentration (d) on the amounts of primary and secondary degrader retained in the biofilm. Note how abrupt the change is in active biomass at the switch from oxygen limitation to substrate limitation.