Fig. 1: Respiratory sample characteristics and the schematic overview of host DNA depletion methods.

A The amount of bacterial DNA. B The amount of host DNA. C The ratio of microbe-to-host read numbers in metagenomic data. Reads from contaminated microbes were discarded. In (A–C), each dot represents a sample, and samples from the same individuals were connected with lines; the center line of the boxplot represents the median, box limits represent the upper and lower quartiles, and whiskers represent the 1.5x interquartile range. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. n = 35 for BALF and n = 34 for OP. D Schematic overview of host DNA depletion methods evaluated in this study.