Fig. 1: Distinct gut microbiome characteristics are observed among healthy individuals, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) intestinal colonization-positive (CPRK-P), and CRKP intestinal colonization-negative patients (CRKP-N).

A–D Comparison of α-diversity in gut microbiota between healthy individuals (HCG) and ICU patients at admission (ICU-A): A Oberserved_species, p = 0.025; B Shannon index, p = 2.3e-0.8; C Simpson index, p = 4.3e-0.7; D Chao1 index, p = 0.03. E–H Comparison of α-diversity in gut microbiota between CRKP-P and CRKP-N groups: E Oberserved_species, p = 0.014; F Shannon index, p = 0.18; G Simpson index, p = 0.28; H Chao1 index, p = 0.019. I–L Comparison of α-diversity in gut microbiota between healthy individuals and CRKP-P groups: I Oberserved_species, p = 0.25; J Shannon index, p = 2.7e-0.7; K Simpson index, p = 4.6e-0.7; L Chao1 index, p = 0.26. M Beta diversity analysis between healthy individuals and ICU patients. N Beta diversity analysis between CRKP-P and their samples taken upon ICU admission (CRKP-PA). O Beta diversity between CRKP-negative and CRKP-positive patients upon ICU admission (CRKP-PA v.s. CRKP-NA). P Beta diversity between CRKP-N before and upon ICU admission (CRKP-NA v.s. CRKP-N). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for significance testing.