Fig. 2: Seasonal influences on the gut microbial community characteristics and assembly mechanisms of golden snub-nosed monkeys.

A Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed four distinct clusters of microbial communities belonging to the four groups. B Principal coordinate analysis plots based on the Jensen-Shannon distance between samples, revealing three enterotypes in the gut microbiota. The lines connected to the center of each ellipse correspond to the group affiliation. C The box plots show the alpha diversity (Simpson index) of the four groups. ∗:p < 0.05. D The Venn diagram shows the number of MAGs shared and uniquely present among the wild summer, wild winter, captive summer, and captive winter groups. E–H Co-occurrence network among core species of microbiota of the four golden snub-nosed monkey groups. E wild summer group, F wild winter group, G captive summer group, H captive winter group. I–L Relative importance of different bacterial community assembly mechanisms of the gut microbiota in four groups. I wild summer group, J wild winter group, K captive summer group, L captive winter group.