Fig. 5
From: Controlling polar-toroidal multi-order states in twisted ferroelectric nanowires
Chirality switching of PTMO state by switching the axial polarization. Evolution of the PTMO state of a (BaTiO3)10(SrTiO3)2 nanowire under a +z directed electric field and a clockwise torque pair of 70 nN nm at T = 150 K. a Evolution of the toroidization Gz and axial polarization Pz with the electric field Ez = 1.5 MV/cm. b The toroidization Gz and axial polarization Pz of the PTMO state as functions of electric fields E at 150 K. c The corresponding evolved dipole configurations during the switching process
