Fig. 1: Macroscopic and microstructural features of flash sintered 3YSZ specimens.

Inset (a) experimental and predicted macroscopic power density and average current density, as a function of furnace temperature and time, for 3YSZ samples, subjected to a constant heating rate of 10 K/min, for three applied electric fields: 60 V/cm (red), 90 V/cm (black), and 120 V/cm (blue). Experimental corresponds to results reported by Cologna and coworkers (red circle, black triangle, blue square)5. HAADF-STEM micrographs for two flash sintered 3YSZ specimens of a grain boundary are shown in insets (b) and (d). A pore is shown in insets (c) and (d), for an applied electric field of 60 V/cm. The corresponding EDS mapping of interfacial and surficial \([{{\rm{Y}}}_{{\rm{Zr}}}^{\prime}]\) distribution is shown in insets (e), (f), and (g).