Fig. 3: Comparison of the two approaches applied to the simplest cases.

a Simulated EIS of eSCM of the two 2D microstructures containing either only straight through-pores (red) or only straight dead-end pores (blue) along with the corresponding fits with Eq. 4. The inset image displays the zoom at the mid-frequency region. The 45° slope in dashed line is used to guide the eyes; b The geometry of two microstructures with \(\uptau _{\mathrm{e}}\) and \(\uptau\) derived from the eSCM and eRDM simulations. The box color corresponds to the colors in the Nyquist plot. The light blue band in the middle of the SCM geometries represents a separator with a direct pore connecting the two sides. The microstructure size is 100 × 100 pixels, the pixel size equals 1 µm.