Fig. 1: ACE Pareto front.

Test RMSE vs. computational cost for Cu (a) and Si (b) for ACE potentials compared to a recent benchmark study¹⁵. The timings from Zuo et al.¹⁵ were reduced by constant factors 0.55 (Cu) and 0.60 (Si) to correct for hardware differences and the ACE timings then overlaid.