Fig. 1: Scheme for stochastic multi-scale modeling of NMC particles.

Using FIB-EBSD data depicting the grain architecture of an NMC particle (top, left), a 3D grain architecture model is developed which generates digital twins of the segmented FIB-EBSD data (top, middle). On the other hand, using nano-CT data depicting a large number of NMC particles (bottom, left), a 3D model for the outer shell of NMC particles is developed which generates random particle shells (bottom, middle). By combining both models, a stochastic multi-scale model is obtained for both the outer shell and the grain architecture of NMC particles (right).