Fig. 10: High-temperature metal oxidation.

Variations of oxide scale roughening for different eigenstrains (estimated from different PB ratio). a Oxide scale (hox) and b interface roughness (Ra) versus time. c Schematic of interference between neighboring oxide bumps as they grow. d Schematic of metal oxide growth in a gaseous environment. a–d are reproduced with permission from ref. 162, published by nature springer in 2020.