Fig. 5: Comparisons of stress predictions along the loading direction (σzz) from GNN surrogate models using lattice orientation as nodal features with those measured using ff-HEDM during in situ elastic loading for LSHR.

Histograms of comparisons at a Load 1 (applied strain of 0.0015) and b Load 2 (applied strain of 0.0033). c Scatter plot comparing GNN predictions and ff-HEDM results from the two load steps along with regression lines fit the comparisons.