Fig. 2: 3D multi-phase field simulation of a liquid-metal-dealloyed bicrystal precursor with initial A-composition c_A,0 = 20%.

a At the initial condition, b after 400 ns, and c after 950 ns. In these 3D views, only the solid–liquid interface and grain boundary are filled in and colored by the concentration of species A. Topological views looking down (in the positive X-direction) on the solid–liquid interface are shown in the bottom row d–f, with each topological view corresponding to the same time step as the 3D view just above it. The topological maps are colored by the corrosion depth in the positive X-direction. The simulation dimensions are 51.2 × 102.4 × 102.4 nm³. The 3D- and topological-view videos for this simulation are provided in Supplementary Movies 2 and 3, respectively.