Fig. 3: Hybrid model architecture.
From: Accelerating the transition to cobalt-free batteries: a hybrid model for LiFePO4/graphite chemistry
The physics-based model (average core-shell ESPM), describing the battery behavior from mass and charge conservation, feeds the machine-learning model through the feature vector Ψ. Both the physics-based and machine-learning models use current as input. The overall battery output voltage V is given by the summation of Vcs and Vh, outputs of the physics-based and machine-learning models, respectively. In this figure, the machine-learning model is shown in the form of a FNN.
