Fig. 5: The evolution of physical quantities in the ferroelectric switching pathway of EuTiO3 under the epitaxial strain 2%.
From: Rotational magnetoelectric switching in orthorhombic multiferroics
a The energy barrier of the ferroelectric switching pathway from state +P to state -P by ssNEB method and linearly changing the polarization. The blue line is fitting by Eq. (2). b The energy difference between EP,M and EP. The blue line is fitting by Eq. (3). c Electrical polarization components along a and b directions. d The angle θM (red circles), and MAE (blue squares). e The energy surface of MAE in ab plane during the switching pathway. The bule and red arrows are the directions of P and M, respectively. The switching coordinate of 0.0 and 1.0 in the pathway represent +Pa and −Pa, respectively. The inset of (a) shows the structure of EuTiO3 under the epitaxial strain 2%.
