Fig. 2

Sample lysis scheme. a Jurkat T cells were analyzed during the 23rd DLR parabolic flight campaign. In total, four sample groups were lysed at defined g conditions and time points: (1) 1 g in-flight (1 g IF) 5 min before the first parabola, (2) 1.8 g samples at the end of the first parabola after 20 s of the 1.8 g hypergravity phase; these samples serve also as baseline (BL-PFC) directly before the microgravity phase, (3) at the end of the first parabola after 20 s microgravity (μg) phase, and (4) 1 g hardware ground control (H/W 1 g GC), directly after the flight inside the aircraft. b Jurkat T lymphocytes were investigated during the TEXUS-51 sounding rocket campaign. Overall, five sample groups were lysed at set time points and g conditions: (1) the baseline (BL-TX) group monitored the first 75 s of the flight after liftoff including hypergravity and vibrations, (2) microgravity samples were lysed 375 s post-launch, resulting in 300 s of microgravity time, (3) 1 g IF controls inside a reference centrifuge experienced 300 s 1 g simultaneously to the microgravity samples, (4) 1 g H/W GC lysed ~15 min after launch together with (5) the cell culture controls as reference for effects originating from the exposure of the cells to the hardware. c Jurkat T cells were examined in ground-based facilities (GBFs). Four groups were investigated in total: (1) the baseline (BL-GBF) group that monitored the 1 g situation, especially the influence of shear forces during the aspiration of the cells in the pipette and the following efflux, (2) H/W 1 g GC for which cells were filled in the pipettes and incubated for 300 s at the static base of the clinostat at 37 °C, (3) simulated microgravity group (sim-μg), cells were clinorotated for 300 s at 37 °C, and (4) the hypergravity group, Jurkat lymphocytes were centrifuged at 9 g for 300 s before lysis