Table 2 Characterization of the amino acids identified by targeted screening using the LC/MS platform
From: Gene-metabolite profile integration to understand the cause of spaceflight induced immunodeficiency
Name | Expression caused by: | Relevant to | |
|---|---|---|---|
µG/1 G | µG + LPS/1 G + LPS | ||
Ornithine | 1.3 | −2.9 | One of the major precursors of citrulline |
Citrulline | 2.0 | −3.5 | - Energy metabolism |
- Inflammation | |||
- Ammonia excretion | |||
- NO precursor in endothelial cells | |||
Tryptophan | 0.8 | −5.0 | - Neurological imbalance |
- Serotonin precursor | |||
Phenylalanine | −1.5 | 4.6 | Neurological imbalance |
Glycine | 1.6 | – | Impaired metabolism by scavenging ROS |
Creatinine | 0.87 | – | Impaired metabolism by scavenging ROS |
Dopamine | 5.6 | – | - Immune modulator |
- Energy imbalance | |||
Arginine | – | 1.2 | - Muscle protein loss |
- Initiator of immune response | |||
- NO precursor in endothelial cells | |||
Valine | −1.7 | – | Collagen or skeletal disorders |
Tyrosine | – | 4.6 | Imbalanced production of neurotransmitters |
Carnosine | – | 0.9 | Impaired metabolism by scavenging ROS |
Sarcosine | – | 0.54 | Vitamin deficiency and hyperinsulinemia |
Aspartic acid | – | −10.0 | - Impaired metabolism |
- Reduced amino acids and neuroendocrine synthesis | |||
Threonine | – | −2.7 | Malabsorption |
Glutamine | – | −4.6 | Low muscle mass |
Histidine | – | −3.7 | - Protein-energy wasting |
- Inflammation and oxidative stress | |||
Isoleucine | – | −2.5 | Risk of collagen or skeletal disorders |
Spermidine | – | −2.7 | - Inhibition of translation and cell growth |
- Protects against ROS | |||
