Fig. 2

Subjective reports of medication effectiveness for six categories of clinical indications during ISS Expeditions 21–40.² Medication use is grossly underreported due to the lack of a required or standardized documentation process. Reporting of drug consumption and any effectiveness or side effects is voluntary and anecdotal, unaccompanied by any study of metabolism, half-life, or peak concentration. Here, effectiveness is only indicated when crewmembers both reported drug consumption and subsequent perceived effectiveness. In many circumstances, logs of medication consumption do not record any information about effectiveness or symptom relief (noted here as “unknown“). NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug