Table 3 Potential mechanisms of spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).

From: Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update

1. Cephalad fluid shift with intraorbital and intracranial volume increase

2. Increased intracranial pressure

3. Translaminar pressure gradient

4. Altered glymphatic drainage

5. Intracerebral volume and cerebral edema alterations

6. Orbital and cerebral arterial or venous drainage disturbance

7. One carbon pathway metabolism alterations

8. Choroidal volume expansion

9. Hypercapnia related volume and pressure disturbances

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