Fig. 4: Muscle strength.

a Average absolute twitch force in C57BL/6J and A/J mice. b Twitch force normalized to gastrocnemius mass. c Twitch force normalized to average cross-sectional area, also known as specific force. All forces were measured from plantar flexion induced by peripheral nerve stimulation, and data is shown as mean ± SD. Figure 5a, c shows baseline differences in twitch force and specific force between the C57BL/6J and A/J strains but no significant differences in response to SM within strains. Figure 5b shows a significant loss in normalized twitch force in C57BL/6J mice in response to simulated microgravity. Analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA test (n = 3–8). & represents a main effect of strain; # represents a significant interaction between strain and unloading (p < 0.05). (****p < 0.0001 simulated microgravity vs control within the same strain).