Table 8 Summary table of gaps in physical knowledge and their application for maneuvers

From: Cryogenic propellant management in space: open challenges and perspectives

Physical knowledge’s gap

Application

Liquid motion with free surfaces (often referred to as sloshing) at different acceleration regimes caused by any kind of excitation or environmental conditions.

GNC (long-coasting dynamic control, accurate positioning), reduce overdesign weight, tank (re)-filling, fuel transfer towards the engine.

Inertia-induced liquid jets (Geysering)

Tank filling, optimize settling maneuvers

Two-phase distribution

Mass gauging, liquid-only removal, gas-only removal, droplet injection for cooling