Fig. 3: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microgravity.

Microgravity environments like space cause oxidative stress, which influences mitochondrial processes such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycles, TCA, ROS levels and NADPH oxidase activity, leading to further protein degradation and apoptosis. ↑ indicates upregulation ↓ indicates downregulation. Created with BioRender.com.