Table 1 Technology readiness levels (TRLs) for mock-ups and simulators, adapted from ref. ²⁵

1

Basic Principles Observed

Conceptual Design to show that X can exist with attributes Y & Z.

Foamcore, Cardboard, Sintra board

Scale models usually work as well as full-scale mockups.

2

Concept Formulation, Modeling, and Simulation

Control design variables for dimensions

Plywood, Sintra board, Wood

Architectural Experiments

3

Proof of Concept

Form, Fit, Function, Mechanical Operations

Metal, Plastic, Wood

Engineering Integration Phase

4

Component/Subsystem Test in a Laboratory Environment

Functional and Operational Research

Electronics, Mechanical Systems,

Includes part task flight simulator

5

Subsystem Test in a Relevant Environment

Partial Habitable Living and Working Environment Simulation

Electronics, Mechanical Systems, Atmospheric System

Includes motion-base flight simulator

6

System Test in a Relevant Environment

Full Habitable Living and Working Environment Simulation

Electronics, Mechanical Systems, Hypobaric Atmosphere

Includes high fidelity mission simulator