Fig. 8: Distribution of granular Bond numbers.

Defined as Bo_g\(={\sum }_{j}^{N}3\phi \frac{{R}_{i}{R}_{j}}{{R}_{i}+{R}_{j}\,}/\left(2\rho {R}_{i}^{3}g\right)\), we plot Bo_g between particles from the DEM simulations performed at ϕ = 0.001 and ϕ = 0.01, with g = 0.38 G. Distributions are gathered from both the initial simulation state before the hopper plug is removed (A), and during the simulation after the plug is removed and the grains may begin falling (B). A In the initial state both the ϕ = 0.001 distribution (orange curve, average Bo_g = 46.7), and ϕ = 0.01 distribution (red curve, average Bo_g = 451.9), span nearly three orders of magnitude and there is considerable overlap between them. B However, during the simulations performed at Martian gravity the less cohesive, ϕ = 0.001 distribution shifts significantly to lower Bo_g as grains flow smoothly through the hopper under free fall conditions making few if any contacts, average Bo_g = 27.4. In contrast the more cohesive and therefore more likely to clog ϕ = 0.01 distribution remains relatively unchanged, average Bo_g = 621.2.