Fig. 1

Flexible and stretchable inorganic electronic devices enabled by transfer printing techniques. a Stretchable and foldable Si-CMOS circuit transferred onto a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ²⁸. b A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics. The silicon optoelectronics are transferred from a flat donor substrate and printed onto a hemispherical glass lens substrate using a hemispherical PDMS transfer element. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁶. c Multifunctional balloon catheters with biocompatible interfaces integrated directly by transfer printing for cardiac electrophysiological mapping and ablation therapy in its inflated state. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁹. d Ultrathin conformal bio-integrated neural electrode arrays transfer-printed onto a dissolvable silk substrate. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ²⁹. e Multifunctional epidermal electronic systems partially peeled away from the skin. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ¹⁴. f A photograph of an array of GaInP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors transfer-printed onto a biodegradable cellulose nanofibril substrate and wrapped around a tree stick with a ~3 mm radius. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ¹⁶ g A bendable photovoltaics module that use large-scale arrays of silicon solar microcells created from bulk wafers and integrated in sparse spatial layouts on foreign substrates by transfer printing. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ²³ h Optical images of an array of AlInGaP μ-ILEDs (6 × 6) transferred onto a PDMS substrate and tightly stretched on the sharp tip of a pencil. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ³⁰ i Image of a mechanically flexed array of ultrathin, microscale, blue LEDs printed from a source wafer onto a thin strip of plastic. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ¹⁹