Fig. 4

Kinetically controlled transfer printing technique. a Schematic illustration of the transfer printing process: retrieval at high velocity and printing at low velocity. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁴⁸ b Rate dependency of the critical energy release rate obtained by rolling down a steel cylinder on an inclined PDMS slab. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁴⁸ c The criterion for kinetically controlled transfer printing. Adapted with permission from ref. ⁵³ d Structures, electronics and optoelectronics enabled by kinetically controlled transfer printing technique. (1) Large scale (30 mm × 38 mm) array of I-shaped silicon microstructures printed in ambient conditions directly onto a 100 mm GaAs wafer in a parallel way. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁴⁸ (2) Selective retrieval and non-selective printing in three sequences with area expansion of inorganic LEDs. Adapted with permission from ref. ²⁰ (3) Bendable GaAs solar cells arrays. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ⁷⁰ (4) GaN LED arrays printed on a plastic substrate. Reprinted with permissions from ref. ¹⁹