Table 1 Summary and comparison of the performances of typical transfer printing techniques

From: Transfer printing techniques for flexible and stretchable inorganic electronics

TP method	Material	Stamp geometry	Adhesion control	Max adhesion	Switchability	Retrieval mode	Printing mode	Reusability	Temperature	Ref.
TP method	Material	Stamp geometry	Adhesion control	(kPa)	(max/min)	Retrieval mode	Printing mode	Reusability	(°C)	Ref.
Chemistry/Glue	PDMS	Flat/Post	Surface chemistry/Glue	Very high^a	/	S/NS	NS-C	NR	AT-150	^{32, 45, 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,– 63}
Solvent releasable tape	Tape	Flat	Solution	Very high^a	Inf	NS	NS-C	NR	AT-100	^{13, 65, 66}
Thermal releasable tape	Tape	Flat	Temperature	Very high^a	Inf	NS	NS-C	NR	~100	^{10, 67}
Kinetically controlled	PDMS	Flat/Post	Peeling velocity	/	/	S/NS	NS-C	R	AT	⁴⁸
Kinetically controlled	PDMS	Post	Peeling velocity	150	<3:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁷¹
Kinetically controlled	PDMS	Pedestal	Peeling velocity	1600	2:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁸³
Laser-driven non-contact	PDMS	Post	Laser heating	/	Inf	S	S-NC	R	~275	^{72, 73}
Laser-driven non-contact	PDMS	Pedestal	Laser heating	1600	Inf	S	S-NC	R	~275	⁸³
Angled microflap stamp	PDMS	Angled microflap	Retraction angle	10	>13	NS	NS-C	R	AT	⁸¹
Shear-enhanced	PDMS	Post	Shear motion	85	>10:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁵⁵
Shear-enhanced	PDMS	Angled post	Shear motion	100	100:1	S- R2R	NS-C- R2R	R	AT	⁸⁶
Shear-enhanced	ST-1087	Cylinder pillar	Shear motion	1450	39:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁸²
Buckling actuated	ST-1087	Cylinder pillar	Compression buckling	1081	35:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁸²
Gecko seta stamp	Gecko seta array	Hierarchy	Shear motion	202.5	Inf	NS	NS-C	R	AT	⁸⁴
Inflatable stamp	PDMS	Post	Inflation (contact area change)	50	50:1	S	NS&S-C	R	AT	⁹¹
Surface-relief-assisted	PDMS	Post with pyramid relief	Compression (contact area change)	80	>1000:1	S	NS-C	R	AT	⁷¹
Surface-relief-assisted	SMP	Pyramid relief	Heating (contact area change)	2800	>1000:1	NS	NS-C	R	40–60	⁹³
Surface-relief-assisted	SMP	Pyramid relief	Laser heating (rigidity and contact area change)	/	/	NS	NS&S-C	R	~40	⁵¹
Surface-relief-assisted	SMP	Pyramid relief	Laser heating (rigidity and contact area change)	/	/	NS	S-C	R	~40	⁵²

S selective mode, NS non-selective mode, C contact mode, NC non-contact mode, AT atmosphere temperature, R2R roll-to-roll mode, R reusable, NR not reusable, Inf infinity, / not available
^aThe maximum adhesion of the stamp/ink interface assisted with surface chemistry and glues is so strong that it can easily lead to stamp failure instead of interfacial failure.⁵⁶ The adhesion strength of the tape/ink interface is usually several orders stronger than that of the elastomer stamp/ink interface.¹⁰

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Table 1 Summary and comparison of the performances of typical transfer printing techniques

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