Table 1 Chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of different biomedical materials

LM-based elastomer

Oxide layer-low reactivity Metal-high reactivity^37,79

78%⁷⁹

ΔR/R = 2%⁷⁹ (70% strain, 1000 cycles)

1.11 MPa⁷⁹

Low interactions with biological tissues and low toxicity³⁷

Metal film

Easy oxidation^214,215

55%²¹⁴

ΔR/R = 30%²¹⁴ (20% strain, 10,000 cycles)

-

Exist potential cytotoxicity to human cells²¹⁵

Carbon-based nanomaterials

Low reactivity^216,217

200%²¹⁶

ΔR/R = 80%²¹⁶ (60% strain, 1000 cycles)

-

More biocompatible and less cytotoxic with chronic effects²¹⁷

Metal-based nanomaterials

Low reactivity^217,218

70%²¹⁸

ΔR/R = 80%²¹⁸ (70% strain, 1000 cycles)

3.2 MPa²¹⁸

All metal NMs induce an inflammatory response²¹⁷

Hybrid nanocomposite

Depends on materials and conditions^219,220,221

50%²¹⁹

ΔR/R = 400%²¹⁹ (40% strain, 1000 cycles)

0.6 Mpa²¹⁹

Depends on material selection and conditions^220,221

Conductive polymers

Undergo oxidation or reduction^222,223

1,800%²²²

ΔR/R = 170%²²² (300% strain, 4 cycles)

1.86 MPa²²²

Obstruction of blood vessel formation²²³