Fig. 1: Crystallographic and chemical properties of each SnO2 film.

a−c GIWAXS patterns for SnO2 NP, SnO2 CNR, and Ga:SnO2 CNR films, respectively. d XPS core level spectra of Ga 2p and Sn 3d for each SnO2 film. e Deconvoluted XPS O 1 s spectra of each SnO2 film. f HR-TEM image and schematic representation of Ga:SnO2 CNR morphology and chemical structure.