Table 3 Summary of performance of representative vibration display devices reported in the literature
From: Active electronic skin: an interface towards ambient haptic feedback on physical surfaces
Actuation principle | Actuator size | Spatial resolution | Array | Vibration frequency | Vibration amplitude | Output force | Flexibility | Stretchability | Thickness | Consumption | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electromagnetic | 18 mm diameter | 21 mm | 6*6 | 300 Hz | 280um | 135 mN | Y | Y | 2.5 mm | 1.75 mW/14 W | |
3 mm * 3 mm | 14 mm | 4*4 | 200 Hz | 200um | 12.1mN | Y | Y | 4.2 mm | 115 mW | ||
5 mm diameter | / | 1*5 | 250 Hz | 300um | / | Y | Y | 5.8 mm | 150 mW | ||
Pneumatic | 10 mm diameter | / | 1*1 | 100 Hz | 3.2 mm | 1 N | Y | Y | 500um | 40kPa | |
8 mm diameter | / | 1*1 | 90 Hz | 300um | 0.3 N | Y | Y | 900um | / | ||
DEA | 3 mm * 15 mm | / | 1*1 | 1–500 Hz | 6um | 9mN | Y | Y | 18um | 450 V | |
2 mm diameter | / | 10*10 | 200 Hz | 1.8 mm | 21 mN | Y | N | 400um | 3000 V |
