Fig. 9: Wearable electronic applications of TENGs containing electro-spun nylon nanofibers.

a Breath-sensing wearable belt fabricated using electro-spun nylon 6 nanofibers and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) for monitoring breath patterns. Reprinted with permission¹⁴³. Copyright 2024, The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. b A TENG composing of nylon 12/A-rGO nanofiber films, where A-rGO is hybridized rGO, against tribo-negative layer of EcoFlex/MoS₂ composites for a flexible triboelectric sensor (TES) applicable in human-machine interfaces and child tracking alarms. Reprinted with permission¹⁴⁴. Copyright 2024, Elsevier Ltd. c HM-TENG utilizing nylon/L-cystine composite nanofibers layer against FEP film for efficient biomechanical energy harvesting. Reprinted with permission¹⁴⁵. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. d Schematic of a self-powered triboelectric sensor (TES) consisting of a contact-separation mode TENG using a composite nylon 11/ poly L-lysine (PLL) nanofiber membrane against EcoFlex/SrTiO₃ composite layer for measuring human activities via a wireless system. Reprinted with permission¹⁴⁶. Copyright 2023, Published by Elsevier Ltd. e All-textile TENG, incorporating MXene-doped PVDF nanofiber tribo-negative layer against antibacterial Ag@nylon 6/6 nanofiber layer, and making self-powered tactile sensor arrays (SPTSA) for gesture recognition and tactile sensing via 9 sensors as HMI application (e.g., letters A, B, and C can be specifically typed with varying amplitude). Reprinted with permission⁷. Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. f Ultra-sensitive acoustic sensor made out of contact-separation TENG using two layers of nylon nanofiber films with different surface potentials (labeled as S-TENG since only single (S) material was used) for voice signal recognition. Reprinted with permission¹⁴⁷. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.